En República, libro X, Platón justifica su exclusión de la poesía imitativa mediante argumentos metafísicos y psicológicos. Al hacerlo, enfatiza la distancia de los productos de la imitación respecto de la verdad, y los condena porque apelan al elemento inferior del alma. En Sofista 233d- 236c, se propone una crítica similar contra la sofistería. El imitador puede hacer eidola, que puede ser considerado como real por un ignorante. En ambos casos Platón se refiere a la distancia respecto de la verdad (...) que guardan tanto los objetos hechos por los imitadores –pintores, poetas o sofistas– como los destinatarios de tales artes –espectadores u oyentes–. Los paralelismos entre ambos tratamientos son abundantes. Tal «distancia», como tratamos de mostrar, ofrece una clave no sólo para entender la crítica platónica de la mímesis, sino que también arroja luz sobre algunos pasajes de República cuya conexión con el tratamiento de la imitación no es evidente de inmediato: la sección eikasía de la «línea dividida», así como ciertos pasajes de la alegoría de la caverna. Ambos textos, independientemente de las variadas lecturas e interpretaciones que han merecido, aclaran la naturaleza de la mimesis y las críticas de Platón contra ella. Además, testifican la confianza de Platón en que el contacto directo con lo real neutraliza los efectos perniciosos de la imitación Palabras clave: Mímesis; Verdad; DistanciaIn Republic Book X, Plato justifies his exclusion of imitative poetry by means of metaphysical and psychological arguments. In doing that, he emphasizes the distance from truth of the products of imitation, and condemns them because they appeal to the lower element of the soul. In Sophist 233d-236c, a similar critique is directed against sophistry. The imitator can make eidola, which can be taken by an ignorant as being real. In both cases Plato refers to the distance that both the objects made by imitators –painters, poets or sophists– and the recipients of such arts –spectators or auditors– have from truth. The parallelisms between both treatments are abundant. Such «distance», as we try to show, offers a key not only to understand Platonic criticism of mimesis. It also throws light on some passages of Republic whose connection with the treatment of imitation is not immediately evident: the eikasía section of the «divided line», and certain passages of the allegory of the cave. Both texts, independently of the various readings and interpretations they have deserved, clarify the nature of mimesis and Plato’s criticisms against it. In addition, they testify Plato’s confidence that direct contact with the real neutralizes the pernicious effects of imitation. Keywords: Mimesis; Truth; Distance. (shrink)

Este trabajo se ocupa de la crítica de Platón a oradores, poetas y sofistas. Su propósito es mostrar que independientemente de las características que singularizan una batalla de vasto alcance librada por el filósofo en tres frentes distintos, la noción de imitación (mimesis) proporciona un hilo conductor que permite vincular esos diferentes enfrentamientos y arrojar luz sobre la reacción de Platón ante quienes identifica, peyorativamente, como imitadores. La práctica adulatoria del orador en Gorgias, no menos que el quehacer del poeta (...) puesto en tela de juicio en República y el del sofista en el diálogo homónimo tendrían, en efecto, una naturaleza mimética. Esto no impide reconocer, junto a los puntos de continuidad, diferencias significativas en los tratamientos de la mimesis que ofrecen los tres diálogos aquí considerados. (shrink)

In this paper I try to shed light on platonic criticism of mathematicians for taking hypotheses as principles. The mathematician is forced to resort to hypotheses and go beyond the sensible, but he does, according to Plato, ignoring his own abilities. In this sense, his attitude is similar to that of the majority, lover of opinions, unaware that only thanks to the help of thought is it possible to identify what is offered to the senses. This interpretation fits the dream (...) metaphor, which Plato uses to describe both the attitude of the mathematician and that of the majority. (shrink)

Esta contribuição reflexiva retoma e repensa a questão da essência da técnica seguindo o fio condutor da meditação de Heidegger. Discute a essência da técnica como o vigor de sua vitalidade, a dinâmica de sua emergência e a doação de consistência. Procura pensar a quididade da técnica, sua condição de possibilidade intrínseca e constitutiva e em que esta mesma reside. Procura trazer à luz como se dá a proveniência historial da técnica na tevcnh (_téchnē_) grega e na _ars_ romana, e, (...) além disso, como é o modo de ser e de viger da técnica moderna. Por fim, procura pensar a significação histórica da técnica desde a perspectiva do destino do Ser. Faz-se então a tentativa de pensar a essência da técnica e sua ambivalência a partir do jogo entre a com-posição desafiadora, provocadora e exploratória (_Ge-stell_) e o arquifenômeno da abertura ou parusia inaugural do Ser (_Ereignis_). (shrink)

Als »Vorträge verschiedenen Inhalts aus der angewendeten Philosophie« bezeichnete Fichte in der Ankündigung die Vorlesungen, die er im Sommer 1813 in Berlin hielt und die 1820 von den ersten Herausgebern mit Staatslehre betitelt wurden. Unter dem Ausdruck »verschiedenen Inhalts« sind die Gebiete der Wissenschaftslehre, der Rechts- und Sittenlehre, der Religionsphilosophie, der Philosophie der Geschichte einzubeziehen. Solche Disziplinen bilden das Gefüge selbst des Fichteschen Systems der Philosophie, wobei die Naturlehre, die ebenfalls zum System gehört, in den Vorlesungen vom 1813 nur andeutungsweise (...) im Gegensatz zur Schellingschen Naturphilosophie behandelt wird. Mit gutem Grund läßt sich darum behaupten, die sogenannte Staatslehre biete eine synthetische Darstellung der Fichteschen Grundansichten, ja sie gebe ein Fazit des Philosophierens Fichtes insgesamt kurz vor seinem Tode. Das »formale« Merkmal dieser Darstellung besteht darin, daß sie vom Standpunkt der angewandten Philosophie her verfaßt und entwickelt wird. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt ein besonderes Thema aus einer umfangreichen Untersuchung heraus, die ich der Fichteschen Interpretation des Systems von Leibniz gewidmet habe. Zur Einführung ist es demnach erforderlich, das Grundanliegen dieser Untersuchung kurz darzustellen.

In diesem Beitrag möchte ich mich darauf beschränken, einige Aspekte von Fichtes Verhältnis zu Kant zu berücksichtigen, die mir sowohl für das Verständnis Fichtes als auch für das Verständnis Kants sehr lehrreich zu sein scheinen. Denn die Einsicht in die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen des alten und des jungen Denkers läßt um so mehr da, wo der zweite meint, den ersten bloß zu wiederholen, treu zu interpretieren oder allenfalls treu weiterzudenken, den Geist der beiden philosophischen Ansätze am deutlichsten zutage treten. Den manchmal (...) unbestimmten Ausdruck »Geist« darf man in diesem Fall wohl verwenden, da die Textstellen, die dem Vergleich feste Bezugspunkte angeben, nicht isoliert dastehen, sondern jeweils in zwei verschiedene und scharf konturierte philosophische Ansätze hinein konvergieren. (shrink)

In diesem Beitrag möchte ich mich darauf beschränken, einige Aspekte von Fichtes Verhältnis zu Kant zu berücksichtigen, die mir sowohl für das Verständnis Fichtes als auch für das Verständnis Kants sehr lehrreich zu sein scheinen. Denn die Einsicht in die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen des alten und des jungen Denkers läßt um so mehr da, wo der zweite meint, den ersten bloß zu wiederholen, treu zu interpretieren oder allenfalls treu weiterzudenken, den Geist der beiden philosophischen Ansätze am deutlichsten zutage treten. Den manchmal (...) unbestimmten Ausdruck »Geist« darf man in diesem Fall wohl verwenden, da die Textstellen, die dem Vergleich feste Bezugspunkte angeben, nicht isoliert dastehen, sondern jeweils in zwei verschiedene und scharf konturierte philosophische Ansätze hinein konvergieren. (shrink)

Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt ein besonderes Thema aus einer umfangreichen Untersuchung heraus, die ich der Fichteschen Interpretation des Systems von Leibniz gewidmet habe. Zur Einführung ist es demnach erforderlich, das Grundanliegen dieser Untersuchung kurz darzustellen.

Als »Vorträge verschiedenen Inhalts aus der angewendeten Philosophie« bezeichnete Fichte in der Ankündigung die Vorlesungen, die er im Sommer 1813 in Berlin hielt und die 1820 von den ersten Herausgebern mit Staatslehre betitelt wurden. Unter dem Ausdruck »verschiedenen Inhalts« sind die Gebiete der Wissenschaftslehre, der Rechts- und Sittenlehre, der Religionsphilosophie, der Philosophie der Geschichte einzubeziehen. Solche Disziplinen bilden das Gefüge selbst des Fichteschen Systems der Philosophie, wobei die Naturlehre, die ebenfalls zum System gehört, in den Vorlesungen vom 1813 nur andeutungsweise (...) im Gegensatz zur Schellingschen Naturphilosophie behandelt wird. Mit gutem Grund läßt sich darum behaupten, die sogenannte Staatslehre biete eine synthetische Darstellung der Fichteschen Grundansichten, ja sie gebe ein Fazit des Philosophierens Fichtes insgesamt kurz vor seinem Tode. Das »formale« Merkmal dieser Darstellung besteht darin, daß sie vom Standpunkt der angewandten Philosophie her verfaßt und entwickelt wird. (shrink)

The theme of training engineering is still relatively absent in Brazilian academic writing, appearing only in the early 2000s. In Brazil, research on “didactic engineering” is more frequent. In this article, we study the uses of the construct of didactic engineering in Brazilian scientific writing. This exploratory study is based on an analysis of theses and articles in Brazilian scientific journals. In Master’s and doctoral programs, references to didactic engineering mask an uncritical and unoriginal appropriation of ideas most often imported (...) from French didactics. (shrink)

The religious revival of the 'North', developed by Pentecostal missionaries of the 'South', in the context of the 'reverse mission', is a dynamic process and in significant expansion. From a localized ethnography - conducted between November 2011 and April 2012 - this article analyzes the work of evangelization and gender strategies developed by two emblematic and differentiated Brazilian neo-Pentecostal religious movements, in the metropolitan area of Barcelona : the evangelical and transnationalised Universal Church of the Kingdom of God and the (...) Catholic Charismatic Renewal group Raboni Ajaray. From a comparative anthropological study of the daily life of these two religious groups, it discusses how a "feminized" and "manly" character, respectively, define important boundaries between Catholics and evangelicals. The ethnographic data demonstrate how certain characteristics of immigrants can act as a source of social differentiation that fosters opportunities and specific doctrinal strategies for men and women, in a context of diaspora. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende realizar uma aproximação entre os pressupostos do projetoepistêmico decolonial e daquele de Michel Foucault relativamente às suas análises histórico-políticas e àfilosofia como atitude crítica. Para tanto, categorias como Estado e raça deverão ser perscrutadas emambos os projetos visto que congregam conceitos e teorizações importantes sobre a modernidade, obiopoder e a colonialidade.

The purpose of this essay is to present the critique of Hegelian universalism carried out by Franz Fanon’s concept of the zone of non-being, by Enrique Dussel’s zone of the exteriority and by Paulo Freire’s pedagogy of the oppressed. The reading of the Hegelian dialectic operated by the three thinkers helps to understand the substratum of thought that guided the European conception of freedom inscribed in the field of political practice, locating it in time and space. In addition, his proposals (...) for “decolonization of dialectics” renew the imagination and philosophical-political praxis of countries subordinated by the context of power relations in the modern/colonial world, in search of other symbolic-epistemic references necessary for the social transformation of the reality of inequalities of the Latin American continent. The gesture of the three thinkers opens the philosophical text or, more specifically, Hegelian thought, to an infinite, non-totalizable dialogue, to a critique of the metaphysical and/or ontological closure of knowledge, its universalization. (shrink)

The purpose of this work is reviewing some reduction results to deal with systems of nonautonomous ordinary differential equations with two time scales. They could be included among the so-called approximate aggregation methods. The existence of different time scales in a system, together with some long-term features, are used to build up a simpler system governed by a lesser number of state variables. The asymptotic behavior of the latter system is then used to describe the asymptotic behaviour of the former (...) one. The reduction results are stated in two particular but important cases: periodic systems and asymptotically autonomous systems. The reduction results are illustrated with the help of simple spatial SIS epidemic models including either periodic or asymptotically autonomous terms. (shrink)

Resenha de Tible, Jean. Marx Selvagem. Quarta edição, São Paulo: Autonomia Literária, 2020.

En este artículo explico el problema de la circularidad, tradicionalmente achacado a la metafísica cartesiana, destacando la importancia que, según Descartes, reviste esta cuestión. Argumento que las versiones del cartesianismo que ofrecen algunos de los comentarios más populares, utilizados en lengua castellana (los de Margaret Wilson y John Cottingham), resultan incompatibles con las posiciones que Descartes mantiene en una serie de textos. Teorías de ese corte sólo podrían justificarse por su valor filosófico intrínseco, pero también sostengo que ambas reconstrucciones presentan (...) debilidades conceptuales que las llevan al fracaso, sea como pretendida solución, en el caso de Wilson; o bien como intento por desplazar o disolver el problema central, en el caso de Cottingham. The problem of logical circularity, which traditionally has been blamed on Cartesian metaphysics, was clearly seen by Descartes himself, who moreover advertised its avoidance (or its solution) as a crucial merit of his own philosophy. On this subject two of the most popular commentaries on Descartes -those of Margaret Wilson and John Cottingham, which are widely used in teaching at least in Spanish- are criticized. Some of the objections I set here against both readings are textual in nature, while other ones hinge, as I argue, on their respective conceptual weaknesses. Wilson's proposed solution is shown to the botched, while Cottingham is shown to fail in his attempt to dissolve the problem. (shrink)

The role of information systems and technology in stimulating interest in privacy is discussed, with an emphasis on the move towards regarding privacy as an economic right. Current proposals are shown to derive from pragmatic, problem-driven analyses, rather than clear philosophical foundations: they are therefore inflexible and limited in scope, and advances in technology are likely to render them obsolete. The need for a clear philosophical basis for privacy as an economic rather than a social/human right is therefore identified and (...) the Hegelian concept of privacy is shown to provide such a basis. (shrink)

Em nótulas preambulares, o presente artigo, cujo o problema central é uma análise sobre a concepção de democracia de Mangabeira Unger, será apresentada em três partes. Num primeiro momento, como uma tentativa de mostrar um mapeamento acerca da concepção teórico-prático no que diz respeito à democracia radical e propositiva, que posteriormente se entendera como experimentalismo democrático. No segundo momento, há, de forma pormenorizada, o bojo do pensamento ungeriano que se reflete e se estende em diversas áreas, como na filosofia política (...) e direito. Porém, a direção e tentativa é tentar trazer um enfoque maior no que diz respeito ao experimentalismo democrático com ecos na sua “teoria social construtiva”, em seu estuário na filosofia política. É nesses soslaios que o pensamento de Mangabeira Unger se debruça com a análise do processo através do qual ele tenta desdobrar a dimensão explicativa de suas obras. E, por último, visa de forma imanente, discutir a imaginação institucional e de proposições programáticas e criação de futuros alternativos, reimaginando os arranjos institucionais, nas quais estas por sua vez vestem uma camisa de força entendida como fetichismo institucional e estrutural, vítima do pensamento preconceituoso oitocentista e novecentista. (shrink)

Neste texto, pretende-se investigar a apropriação das idéias de Foucault em textos de Jorge Larrosa, na medida em que essa apropriação contribui para a discussão da formação. Através da análise dos modos como a pedagogia é produtora de subjetividades, Larrosa pretende construir as bases de um método que permita avaliar exemplos pedagógicos concretos.

Este artigo analisa a chamada Modernidade apontando como seu estudo no ensino superior e no ensino médio apresenta uma historiografia marcada pela colonialidade do saber e pelo eurocentrismo. Propõe, assim, observar alguns problemas historiográficos da filosofia, entender suas causas e buscar ver o que está nas sombras da tradição filosófica.

The objective of this research is to analyse the ethical problems of Community-Based Tourism. CBT is a novel form of tourism that has appeared in recent decades in different parts of the world, especially in areas with large indigenous populations. The investigations until now have primarily highlighted the virtues of this type of tourism, and the few criticisms that have appeared against cbt were related to its functional shortcomings and the benefits that sometimes do not reach the communities. While the (...) ethical complications associated with the cbt have not gone unnoticed, in this article we address some ethical problems of the cbt that have not received as much attention so far —such as those related to the field of indigenous ethics—, that demand a deep reflection on the commercial use of communities. (shrink)

This paper is the result of some partial research done under the title Daily education, pedagogy and the environment: constructing an ecological perspective of education, where the ethnography of pedagogical practice is one of the principal components. The pedagogical proposal is framed within the t..

This work focuses on corporate social responsibility disclosure practices of multinational corporations. Based on a longitudinal study of CSR reports of companies operating in the automotive industry, the paper offers a detailed study of how disclosure practices are changing and which principles and approaches influence and drive the development of such disclosure. Based on a four-year report-based study, the findings enable us to identify three main trends in the CSR disclosure strategy of automotive firms. First, in line with the mainstream (...) CSR literature, the present study confirms the trend towards the increasing environmental and social accountability. Second, it adds evidence to the emerging debate regarding the harmonization and standardization of reporting and discusses this aspect by mentioning the standards as exerting some normative pressures within the sector. Finally, it provides evidence on specific links emerging between issues and actors. The implications of this evidence contribute to opening up the debate on CSR disclosure to the possibility of combining the institutional lens with a strategic approach that captures the materiality considerations of CSR disclosure. (shrink)

Argentina fue el primer país del mundo en establecer que los organismos que resulten de nuevas técnicas de edición genética (GE, en sus siglas en inglés) no estarán alcanzados por la normativa para Organismos Genéticamente Modificados (OGM), siempre y cuando una primera evaluación concluya que no incluye ADN de otra especie. Esto es relevante porque las evaluaciones para comercializar un OGM son tan extensas y costosas que solo son accesibles para unas pocas empresas multinacionales, que monopolizan la innovación fundamental, las (...) licencias y los productos derivados. Esta simplificación regulatoria coincide con el descubrimiento de técnicas como CRISPR-Cas9, mucho más baratas y simples que las previas, y con potencial para desarrollarse con reducidos presupuestos de investigación. Este trabajo indaga cómo el Estado argentino utiliza la legislación sobre biotecnología para fomentar la investigación, el desarrollo y la innovación (I+D+i), indagando en los límites y posibilidades de esta estrategia. Para ello se basa en la legislación y las políticas públicas competentes; observaciones en reuniones y conferencias biotecnológicas; y en entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas durante 2019 a científicos y empresarios que trabajaban con CRISPR. Así, encuentra que la legislación opera como fomento para los desarrollos locales, pero las ventajas que ofrecen las nuevas técnicas de edición genética dependen de una serie de acciones y estrategias geopolíticas. Entendiendo por regulación al conjunto de acciones y omisiones de los actores interesados, a escala mundial y con intereses contrapuestos, la investigación concluye que es esta regulación geopolítica la que condiciona la innovación biotecnológica en Argentina. Así, la posibilidad de aprovechar esa “ventana de oportunidad” que habilitan las nuevas técnicas descansa en una serie de variables que configuran nuevas relaciones de interdependencia global. (shrink)

Este artigo, de caráter ensaístico, não se furta a pensar o fenômeno de maior proeminência no momento em que fora escrito, a pandemia desencadeada pelo Covid-19. Partindo literalmente da premissa foucaultiana, segundo a qual a filosofia deve ter como alvo o tempo presente, e abalizado por reflexões recentes de filósofos contemporâneos influenciados por Foucault, como Paul B. Preciado e Roberto Esposito, defendo a hipótese de que o vírus carrega em si, como um espelho, tudo o que ainda não conseguimos deixar (...) de ser. Com efeito, a abordagem aqui adotada lança mão da estratégia, já recorrente na filosofia contemporânea, de ampliar a noção de “vírus” como metáfora pertinente para os mais diversos fenômenos societários. Após introduzir o que está em jogo neste contingente virótico e global, decomponho a reflexão em quatro partes: enquadramento – de uma atmosfera previamente carregada de certos hábitos de exceção e anticorpos fronteiriços; estranhamento – como princípio da imunização e da redistribuição da vulnerabilidade; confinamento – como disciplina assimétrica de sobrevivência e autossacrifício; desaparecimento – como horizonte ontológico de uma existência inerte que nos espelha. O que me interessa aqui é, mais do que delinear uma interpretação filosófica da pandemia, indiciar a lógica insuspeita e virulenta que há décadas nos cerceia enquanto corpos e anticorpos descartáveis. Concluo, à guisa do diagnóstico de Paul B. Preciado, segundo o qual o vírus atua “à nossa imagem e semelhança”, que o fenômeno pandêmico implica o recrudescimento do paradoxo neoliberal segundo o qual, para “sobrevivermos”, devemos sacrificar a nós mesmos. (shrink)

We advocate here that the tractarian image of Logic was the great responsible for its collapse. We examine then some mentions of colors in Wittgenstein´s first book to show that its logic holds a conflict between truth-functionality (explicitly assumed and advocated there) and a (hidden) holism. This antagonism was already set in the very formulation of its ontology. Wittgenstein himself admits he did not notice this by the time of the Tractatus ´ elaboration. If he had noticed it, he could (...) have anticipated the Color Exclusion Problem. We discuss also unexpected interferences of space and time in the environment, which presented both the special kind of color exclusion (to be found in other systems) and his original notions of Logic. This shows inter alia that the image of coordinate system was modulating both the logical space notion in the Tractatus and its natural development in several systems of propositions [ Satzsysteme ] in his return to Philosophy. (shrink)